No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals Matching treatment settings, interventions, and services to each patient’s problems and needs is critical.

Treatment needs to be readily available Treatment applicants can be lost if treatment is not immediately available or readily accessible.

Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or her drug use. Treatment must address the individual’s drug use and associated medical, psychological, social, vocational, and legal problems.

Treatment needs to be flexible and to provide ongoing assessments of patient needs, which may change during the course of treatment.

Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical for treatment effectiveness The time depends on an individual’s needs. For most patients, the threshold of significant improvement is reached at about 3 months in treatment. Additional treatment can produce further progress. Programs should include strategies to prevent patients from leaving treatment prematurely

Individual and/or group counseling and other behavioral therapies are critical components of effective treatment for addiction In therapy, patients address motivation, build skills to resist drug use, replace drug-using activities with constructive and rewarding nondrug-using activities, and improve problem-solving abilities. Behavioral therapy also facilitates interpersonal relationships.

Medications are an important element of treatment for many patients, especially when combined with counseling and other behavioral therapies. Methadone and levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) help persons addicted to opiates stabilize their lives and reduce their drug use. Naltrexone is effective for some opiate addicts and some patients with co-occurring alcohol dependence. Nicotine patches or gum, or an oral medication, such as bupropion, can help persons addicted to nicotine.

Addicted or drug-abusing individuals with coexisting mental disorders should have both disorders treated in an integrated way Because these disorders often occur in the same individual, patients presenting for one condition should be assessed and treated for the other.

Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective Sanctions or enticements in the family, employment setting, or criminal justice system can significantly increase treatment entry, retention, and success.

Possible drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously Monitoring a patient’s drug and alcohol use during treatment, such as through urinalysis, can help the patient withstand urges to use drugs. Such monitoring also can provide early evidence of drug use so that treatment can be adjusted.

Treatment programs should provide assessment for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases, and counseling to help patients modify or change behaviors that place them or others at risk of infection. Counseling can help patients avoid high-risk behavior and help people who are already infected manage their illness.

Recovery from drug addiction can be a long-term process and frequently requires multiple episodes of treatment. As with other chronic illnesses, relapses to drug use can occur during or after successful treatment episodes. Participation in self-help support programs during and following treatment often helps maintain abstinence.